The main causes of maternal mortality are known, and more than 80% of maternal deaths could be prevented or avoided through actions that are proven to be effective and affordable, even in the. Maternal death is defined as death of women while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management. Read more about the causes of maternal mortality in nigeria. Discharge education on maternal morbidity and mortality. But in the united states, maternal mortality rates have increased from 6. It is one of the common preventable causes of maternal and prenatal morbidity and mortality in developing countries. A series of important events and changesphysical, emotional, and socialoccur. The main causes of death are postpartum hemorrhage 24%. Jul 01, 2015 while a large variety of factors contribute to maternal mortality, there are some factors that are extremely common and contribute to the largest number of maternal deaths, such as the 10 common causes of maternal mortality listed below. Haemorrhage was the leading direct cause of maternal death worldwide, representing 271% 199362 of maternal deaths. Maternal health infectious diseases overview briefer. If all regions had the health of todays bestoff countries.
To characterize the most common causes and risk factors of maternal mortality in the usa and observe trends over the past 9 years. Addressing maternal mortality in the united states will require more than infrastructural improvements to better track the causes of deaths. Index terms maternal mortality, causes, maternal and. The major causes of maternal mortality are as follows say and others 2014. In addition, in the united states and worldwide, the most common causes of infant death in the first weeks after birth are different than those that occur later in the. Findings from death notification preface this statistical release presents information on mortality and causes of death in south africa for deaths that occurred in 2016. The maternal mortality ratio is maternal death per 100,000 live births in. The risk of maintaining the divide between direct and indirect is that indirect maternal mortality might be regarded as less important or less urgent to tackle, since many countries have focused their efforts on a reduction of death from direct obstetric causes. Effect of coinfection hiv increases reactivation of tb and tb mortality tb causes.
Populationbased rates, timing, and causes of maternal deaths. Precise control duringand after labor and careful attention tofetal heartbeat can be effective in reduction of maternal and perinatal mortality rates. Jul 12, 2017 the three delays model proposes that maternal mortality is associated with delays in. Sep 04, 2019 maternal mortality or pregnancyrelated death is defined as the death of a woman during pregnancy or within one year of the end of pregnancy from a pregnancy complication. Overview of us maternal mortality policy sciencedirect. May 19, 2016 cardiac disease is the most common cause of indirect death. The most prevalent reason forcerebral palsyamong infants included delayed cesarean sectionand asphyxia. Cause of and contributing factors to maternal deaths.
Addressing racial disparities in maternal mortality and morbidity r01 clinical trial optional rfamd20008. In fact, if maternal deaths from cardiovascular conditions are added to deaths due to cardiomyopathies, this category of disease conditions of the heart and blood vessels becomes the leading cause of maternal mortality in the united states callaghan, 2012 x callaghan, 2012 callaghan, w. The most common causes of pregnancy related death were hemorrhage, cardiomyopathy, and cardiovascular disease. The consensus among international organizations is that quality care requires services throughout a womans reproductive life. The top leading cause of maternal mortality and morbidity include hemorrhage, infection, high blood pressure, unsafe. Between 2000 and 2017, the maternal mortality ratio mmr, number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births dropped by about 38% worldwide.
Levels and causes of maternal mortality and morbidity. Indirect causes, which include deaths due to conditions such as malaria, hivaids and cardiac diseases, account for about onefifth of maternal deaths. Maternal health covers the health of women during the preconception, pregnancy, and postpartum periods. State of maternal health in india,maternal mortality in india. Maternal mortality is a multifaceted and complex problem within the us health care system. The countries that achieved the lowest maternal mortality ratio are finland, greece, iceland, and poland. Causes of maternal mortality include postpartum hemorrhage, eclampsia. Introduction maternal mortality, also known as maternal death, continues to be the major cause of death among women of reproductive age in many countries and remains a serious public health issue especially in developing countries who, 2007. Keywords bangladesh, maternal mortality, verbal autopsy. The diagnosis of aids was closely linked with that of tuberculosis 92% of cases, and unspeci.
Maternal mortality centers for disease control and. In practice, the definition adopted by the international federation of obstetricians and gynecologists is now almost universally applied. Understanding maternal morbidity and mortality mmm in the context of the health of women. Mortality and causes of death in south africa, 2016. Taking stock of maternal, newborn and child survival 20002010 decade report 11 causes of maternal and child deaths what causes the 8. More than two thirds of reported haemorrhage deaths were classified as postpartum haemorrhage table 2. There are many different causes of infant mortality, from infection to birth defects or accidents. Hypertension was the second most common direct cause worldwide 140%, 111174. Causes of maternal and child deaths world health organization.
Sep 19, 2019 every day in 2017, approximately 810 women died from preventable causes related to pregnancy and childbirth. Maternal mortality has been determined unequally at different times and different regions. Preventable maternal mortality occurs where there is a failure to give effect to the rights of women to health, equality and nondiscrimination. Maternal mortality to improve maternal health, barriers that limit access to quality maternal health services must be identified and addressed at all levels of the health system. Previous reports have shown that malaria contributes significantly to maternal mortality in zambia 10. Maternal mortality or pregnancyrelated death is defined as the death of a woman during pregnancy or within one year of the end of pregnancy from a pregnancy complication. Other developed countries have similar and even lower maternal mortality rates when compared to the united states. Insights into maternal mortality in madang province, papua new guinea. Factors influencing the utilization of maternal health.
New estimates show that the leading causes of maternal deaths are haemorrhage and hypertension, which together account for more than half. We derived estimates of maternal mortality for 172 countries over the period 19902008. Estimates for main causes of death worldwide point estimates are shown by. Leading causes of death, ages 1024, 20031 n a h i c 4the majority of adolescent and young adult deaths are due to preventable causes. Maternal mortality refers to the death of a woman during her pregnancy or up to a year after her pregnancy has terminated. A leading cause of maternal mortality in settings with a high hiv burden eg 25% of maternal deaths in zambia, 1999.
From 2011 2016, maternal mortality in louisiana increased at a higher rate than that of the united states. Precise control duringand after labor and careful attention tofetal heartbeat can be effective in reduction of maternal and perinatal mortality. Pregnancy mortality surveillance system, centers for disease control and prevention. Home social issues state of maternal health in india state of maternal health in india. Previously, the majority of women who died were reported to have experienced type 1 and 2 delays. The most common causes of maternal death are pregnancy induced hypertension pih, embolism, and obstetrical hemorrhage. Pulmonary embolism is a form of venous thromboembolism, one of the leading causes of maternal death. Reporting states use death certificate data andor matched deathtobirth certificate data to identify deaths, and the pmss utilizes maternal death, infant birth, and fetal death certificates in addition to. Maternal death can happen while a woman is pregnant, during labor and delivery, or in. The paucity of research about what rns should teach and the most effective methods to use when educating women in the postpartum period about their risks for maternal morbidity and mortality is concerning.
Skip directly to site content skip directly to page options skip directly to az link. Data for the causes of maternal deaths are needed to inform. Maternal death is the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental causes. Although maternal mortality affects people across demographics, and medical causes of. Globally, the most common causes of neonatal deaths are infections, preterm birth and asphyxia.
Obstetrical hemorrhage is known as the most preventable cause of maternal mortality. Hypertension was the second most common direct cause. The indirect causes of maternal death consisted of anemia, malaria, hiv related complications, cancers, and cardiac disease. A study of maternal mortality at the university teaching.
The common causes of maternal mortality in india are anaemia, haemorrhage, sepsis, obstructed labour, abortion, and toxaemia. Maternal hemorrhage new york state department of health. Postpartum hemorrhages account for more than 30 percent of the maternal deaths in africa and asia. Maternal death or maternal mortality is defined by the world health organization who as the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental causes. With increased coverage of healthcare services, we sought to explore the relative contribution of each type of delay. Data for the causes of maternal deaths are needed to inform policies to improve maternal health. An update on maternal mortality and morbidity in the. The 100fold decline of maternal mortality is due to the modern scientific understanding of the cause of maternal mortality. The three most common causes of maternal death were shown to be indirect medical causes, haemorrhage, and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. New estimates of child deaths for 2008 show that pneumonia, diarrhoea and malaria remain the highest causes worldwide, together accounting for 41% of deaths figure 3. An introduction to maternal mortality pubmed central pmc.
Evidencebased interventions for reducing maternal mortality strategically target the main causes of death figure 1. A large proportion of maternal deaths occur in settings in which vital registration is deficient and many sick women do not access services. Although maternal mortality rates have declined greatly in the developed world, pph remains a leading cause of maternal mortality. Common causes of maternal mortality varied by region. Understanding global trends in maternal mortality context. The main causes of infant mortality in the united states are different than the main causes of infant death around the world. This report describes the timing and characteristics of pregnancyrelated deaths in the united states using 20112015 national cdc pregnancy mortality surveillance system pmss data. The three delays model proposes that maternal mortality is associated with delays in. Maternal mortality due to sepsis was 107% 59186, abortion accounted for 79% 472, and embolism and other direct causes. The main causes of maternal death include severe bleeding, infection, unsafe. Levels and causes of maternal morbidity and mortality. Infections related to pregnancy, or even infections that are not at. While motherhood is often a positive and fulfilling, for too many women it is associated with suffering, ill health and death.
An update on maternal mortality and morbidity in the united. The primary causes of maternal deaths were obstetric hemorrhage and indirect causes. Global maternal mortality rate the pregnancy related mortality. Factors associated with maternal mortality in malawi. Cardiovascular and cardiac conditions hemorrhage infection embolism building u. The maternal mortality ratio for uth was calculated at 921 per 00 live births, a. Maternal mortality, like infant mortality, is a tragic and unnecessary event. Mar 07, 2020 maternal health refers to the health of women during pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period. How we improve maternal health official web site of the u. Despite the fact that most maternal deaths are preventable, maternal mortality remains high in many developing countries. The most common causes of deaths from one month up to five years of. Maternal mortality centers for disease control and prevention. Maternal mortality and severe maternal morbidity, particularly among women of color, have increased in the united states. Target a of millennium development goal mdg 5 calls for a threequarters reduction in the maternal mortality ratio mmr between 1990 and 2015.
Incidence and causes of maternal mortality in the usa. High hiv prevalence among maternal deaths attributed to tb. Postpartum hemorrhage pph is the leading cause of maternal mortality. The top leading cause of maternal mortality and morbidity include hemorrhage, infection, high blood pressure, unsafe abortion and obstructed labor. Nih funding opportunities and notices in the nih guide for grants and contracts. Know these symptoms of the leading causes of maternal death. The categories of maternal deaths are based on a new classification system developed by who that considers obstructed labour and anaemia to be contributing conditions rather than direct causes.
Preterm birth is known to be the most common cause of neonatal deaths, and deaths from infection and asphyxia are decreasing. Regional estimates show that haemorrhage and hypertension are. Obstetric hemorrhage was the most common cause of death among women ages 3049 and women who had experienced more than one pregnancy, while indirect causes. To develop methods for trend analysis of vital statistics maternal mortality data, taking into account changes in pregnancy question formats over time and between states, and to provide. In todays world where 140 million women give birth. The leading medical causes of maternal mortality include cardiovascular disease, infection, and common obstetric complications such as hemorrhage, and vary by timing relative to the end of pregnancy. The risk of maternal mortality is highest for adolescent girls under 15 years old. Factors contributing to maternal mortality in northcentral nigeria. The most common causes of pregnancy related death were hemorrhage, cardiomyopathy.
Despite the increased global focus on maternal mortality as a public health issue, little detailed knowledge is available on the levels of maternal mortality and morbidity and the causes of their occurrence. The indirect maternal mortality rate has not changed significantly since 2003. If williams hadnt been so in tune with her health and what she needed, her outcome could have been much worse. Africa has the highest maternal mortality in the world estimated at an average of. All women who carry a pregnancy beyond 20 weeks gestation are at risk for pph and its sequelae. A report on pregnancyassociated deaths in ohio 20082016. Maternal death can happen while a woman is pregnant, during labor and delivery, or in the 42 days after childbirth or the termination of pregnancy. We have not made much of a difference or a change since the late 1980s. Insights into maternal mortality in madang province, papua.